Lesson 17

善用景框

景框是構圖中另一個重要的元素。構圖時，將景框運用的更有技巧，對於主題的凸顯有非常大的幫助。景框並不一定要利用像樹枝或拱門這類的物體來凸顯主題，比如說帽子和衣領也可以用來成為一張臉的景框。

大致上，景框試用來襯托主題，而不是與主題形成衝突或競爭主角地位。如果你採用的是彩色的景框，那麼就要想一想如何運用色彩的對比或色調來呈現主題。

典型的拱門景框

Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 50mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Center-Weighted
1/200 sec - F/6.3
Exposure Comp.: 0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Vivid
White Balance: Flash
AF Mode: AF-S

利用帽子當景框

Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 70mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/125 sec - F/4.5
Exposure Comp.: 0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Vivid
White Balance: Cloudy
AF Mode: AF-S

用樹葉當景框

Lens: 70-300mm F/4-5.6 D
Focal Length: 135mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/640 sec - F/4.5
Exposure Comp.: -0.3 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 800
Optimize Image: Normal
White Balance: Cloudy
AF Mode: AF-S

利用黑暗的四周及樹葉當景框

Lens: 70-300mm F/4-5.6 D
Focal Length: 70mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/160 sec - F/4
Exposure Comp.: +0.7 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Normal
White Balance: Auto
AF Mode: AF-S

<< Lesson 16-------------------------------------Lesson 18 >>

Lesson 16

前景，中景和背景

這是四個攝影構圖課程中的第一個，處理的是最基本的構圖元素：前景，中景與背景。就好比透視一樣，在二度空間的照片中，這三個元素是空間與距離的有力指引。

本課程要拍三張照片，分別強調前景，中景與背景。通常一張理想的照片，畫面中只有一個主要的元素，其它都是扮演附屬補充的角色。

強調前景

前景為兩個小孩，中景為媽咪，背景則為草地
Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 70mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/125 sec - F/4.5
Exposure Comp.: 0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Vivid
White Balance: Cloudy
AF Mode: AF-S

強調中景

前景為雜草及舞台前緣，中景為舞者，背景則為廣告看板
Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 56mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Center-Weighted
1/200 sec - F/5
Exposure Comp.: 0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Vivid
White Balance: Shade
AF Mode: AF-S

強調背景

前景為椅子，中景為湖面，背景則為涼亭與森林
Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 25mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/60 sec - F/5
Exposure Comp.: -0.3 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Vivid
White Balance: Shade
AF Mode: AF-S

<< Lesson 15-------------------------------------Lesson 17 >>

Lesson 15

畫面的透視感

照片的透視感是一種空間的暗示。基本上，透視讓人有產生三度空間的視覺效果。在攝影上有五種方法來造成照片的透視感。

1. 直線透視法：利用直線在遠方聚合或消失的特性（例如火車軌道），來達到透視的效果，廣角鏡可以更強化此效果。

Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 29mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Center-Weighted
1/320 sec - F/4
Exposure Comp.: 0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 1000
Optimize Image: Vivid
White Balance: Cloudy
AF Mode: AF-S

2. 大氣層透視法：拍風景時，一般來說景物距離越遠，顏色與色調會變得越淡。

Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 70mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/200 sec - F/5.6
Exposure Comp.: 0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Vivid
White Balance: Shade
AF Mode: AF-S

3. 輪廓重複透視法：藉由相同輪廓物體的重複排列，由近至遠，塑造出空間感。

Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 40mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Center-Weighted
1/160 sec - F/8
Exposure Comp.: 0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Vivid
White Balance: Flash
AF Mode: AF-S

4. 尺寸遞減透視法：景物越遠，尺寸也相對看起來越小。

Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 70mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/160 sec - F/5.6
Exposure Comp.: 0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Vivid
White Balance: Shade
AF Mode: AF-S

5. 不同焦點透視法：利用物體距離相機不一，對焦時，有些在焦點內而成像清楚，有些落在焦點外而成像模糊。

Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 70mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/320 sec - F/8
Exposure Comp.: 0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Direct sunlight
AF Mode: Manual

<< Lesson 14-------------------------------------Lesson 16 >>

Lesson 14

善用暗色調

暗色調總是給人一種不祥的預兆，侷狹，神秘，或威脅等等的感覺。

Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 18mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/50 sec - F/5
Exposure Comp.: -1.0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Cloudy
AF Mode: AF-S


Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 70mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/800 sec - F/5
Exposure Comp.: -1.0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Direct sunlight
AF Mode: AF-S

大樟樹張牙爪舞，好像要把人們吃掉

Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 18mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/250 sec - F/6.3
Exposure Comp.: 0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Vivid
White Balance: Shade
AF Mode: AF-S


Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 18mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Spot
1/320 sec - F/3.5
Exposure Comp.: 0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 1000
Optimize Image: Vivid
White Balance: Shade
AF Mode: AF-S

<< Lesson 13-------------------------------------Lesson 15 >>

Lesson 13

善用亮色調

如同色彩和它的濃度，黑白照片的調子能夠決定畫面的情調與氣氛。亮色調有明亮，開放，坦率，純真無邪，開朗，歡樂和留白的暗示。

以下照片攝於實小的兒童遊樂場

Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 65mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/20 sec - F/4.5
Exposure Comp.: +1.0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Cloudy
AF Mode: AF-S


Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 70mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/125 sec - F/4.5
Exposure Comp.: +0.5 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Cloudy
AF Mode: AF-S


Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 29mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/90 sec - F/4.8
Exposure Comp.: +1.5 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Cloudy
AF Mode: AF-S


Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 70mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/90 sec - F/4.8
Exposure Comp.: +0.5 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Cloudy
AF Mode: AF-S


Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 38mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/60 sec - F/4.2
Exposure Comp.: +1.5 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Cloudy
AF Mode: AF-S


Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 70mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/60 sec - F/4.5
Exposure Comp.: +0.5 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Cloudy
AF Mode: AF-S

<< Lesson 12-------------------------------------Lesson 14 >>

Lesson 12

調子的變化

黑白照片中，調子的變化指的就是純黑與純白之間各種灰階的變化。決定調子如何呈現的因素，除了光線的強弱之外，還有與體表面能吸收或反射多少光線有關。

本攝影課程以找尋一個明暗對比強烈的被攝體，並以三種不同的曝光量來拍攝：一張以亮部來測光，一張以暗部來測光，第三張以平均測光來拍，然後觀察這三張照片的調子的變化。

以下照片攝於實小旁的金山寺。利用D70s的包圍曝光功能，上下各加減一格，開啟連拍。從拍出來的照片來看，調子的確可以影響照片氣氛的呈現，暗色調有給人詭譎的氣氛，而亮色調則給人開朗的心情。

系列一

Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 70mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/640 sec - F/9
Exposure Comp.: -1.0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Direct sunlight
AF Mode: AF-S


Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 70mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/320 sec - F/9
Exposure Comp.: 0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Direct sunlight
AF Mode: AF-S


Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 70mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/160 sec - F/9
Exposure Comp.: +1.0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Direct sunlight
AF Mode: AF-S

系列二

Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 65mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/640 sec - F/9
Exposure Comp.: -1.0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Direct sunlight
AF Mode: Manual


Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 65mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/320 sec - F/9
Exposure Comp.: 0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Direct sunlight
AF Mode: Manual


Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 65mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/160 sec - F/9
Exposure Comp.: +1.0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Direct sunlight
AF Mode: Manual

<< Lesson 11---------------------------------------Lesson 13 >>