Lesson 14

善用暗色調

暗色調總是給人一種不祥的預兆，侷狹，神秘，或威脅等等的感覺。

Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 18mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/50 sec - F/5
Exposure Comp.: -1.0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Cloudy
AF Mode: AF-S


Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 70mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/800 sec - F/5
Exposure Comp.: -1.0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Direct sunlight
AF Mode: AF-S

大樟樹張牙爪舞，好像要把人們吃掉

Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 18mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/250 sec - F/6.3
Exposure Comp.: 0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Vivid
White Balance: Shade
AF Mode: AF-S


Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 18mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Spot
1/320 sec - F/3.5
Exposure Comp.: 0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 1000
Optimize Image: Vivid
White Balance: Shade
AF Mode: AF-S

<< Lesson 13-------------------------------------Lesson 15 >>

Lesson 13

善用亮色調

如同色彩和它的濃度，黑白照片的調子能夠決定畫面的情調與氣氛。亮色調有明亮，開放，坦率，純真無邪，開朗，歡樂和留白的暗示。

以下照片攝於實小的兒童遊樂場

Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 65mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/20 sec - F/4.5
Exposure Comp.: +1.0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Cloudy
AF Mode: AF-S


Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 70mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/125 sec - F/4.5
Exposure Comp.: +0.5 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Cloudy
AF Mode: AF-S


Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 29mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/90 sec - F/4.8
Exposure Comp.: +1.5 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Cloudy
AF Mode: AF-S


Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 70mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/90 sec - F/4.8
Exposure Comp.: +0.5 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Cloudy
AF Mode: AF-S


Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 38mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/60 sec - F/4.2
Exposure Comp.: +1.5 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Cloudy
AF Mode: AF-S


Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 70mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/60 sec - F/4.5
Exposure Comp.: +0.5 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Cloudy
AF Mode: AF-S

<< Lesson 12-------------------------------------Lesson 14 >>

Lesson 12

調子的變化

黑白照片中，調子的變化指的就是純黑與純白之間各種灰階的變化。決定調子如何呈現的因素，除了光線的強弱之外，還有與體表面能吸收或反射多少光線有關。

本攝影課程以找尋一個明暗對比強烈的被攝體，並以三種不同的曝光量來拍攝：一張以亮部來測光，一張以暗部來測光，第三張以平均測光來拍，然後觀察這三張照片的調子的變化。

以下照片攝於實小旁的金山寺。利用D70s的包圍曝光功能，上下各加減一格，開啟連拍。從拍出來的照片來看，調子的確可以影響照片氣氛的呈現，暗色調有給人詭譎的氣氛，而亮色調則給人開朗的心情。

系列一

Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 70mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/640 sec - F/9
Exposure Comp.: -1.0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Direct sunlight
AF Mode: AF-S


Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 70mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/320 sec - F/9
Exposure Comp.: 0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Direct sunlight
AF Mode: AF-S


Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 70mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/160 sec - F/9
Exposure Comp.: +1.0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Direct sunlight
AF Mode: AF-S

系列二

Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 65mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/640 sec - F/9
Exposure Comp.: -1.0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Direct sunlight
AF Mode: Manual


Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 65mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/320 sec - F/9
Exposure Comp.: 0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Direct sunlight
AF Mode: Manual


Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 65mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/160 sec - F/9
Exposure Comp.: +1.0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Direct sunlight
AF Mode: Manual

<< Lesson 11---------------------------------------Lesson 13 >>

Lesson 11

黑白或彩色

本課程需要選定一個攝影對象，分別以彩色和黑白的方式來呈現。彩色的照片要注意色彩的平衡和不同顏色的變化。黑白照片則要善用暗處和亮處的變化，創造最大的層次感，以增加照片的吸引力。

這次課程以海山漁港為拍攝場景，拍攝時間為下午五點半。

Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 27mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/125 sec - F/11
Exposure Comp.: +0.7 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Flash
AF Mode: AF-S

將彩色轉為黑白之後，與彩色照片的感覺完全不一樣

Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 18mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/400 sec - F/8
Exposure Comp.: +0.3 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Flash
AF Mode: AF-S

海水退潮後，在沙灘上留下一道一道規律的波浪紋，加上螃蟹撥弄四處的小土粒，是表現層次感的好主題

Lens: 70-300mm F/4-5.6 D
Focal Length: 70mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/80 sec - F/11
Exposure Comp.: -0.7 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Flash
AF Mode: AF-S


Lens: 70-300mm F/4-5.6 D
Focal Length: 70mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/80 sec - F/11
Exposure Comp.: -0.7 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Flash
AF Mode: AF-S

以黑白來呈現更能突顯層次感

Lens: 70-300mm F/4-5.6 D
Focal Length: 70mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/80 sec - F/11
Exposure Comp.: -0.7 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Direct sunlight
AF Mode: AF-S

有趣的對比

Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 34mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/40 sec - F/11
Exposure Comp.: +0.3 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Flash
AF Mode: AF-S

<< Lesson 10-------------------------------------Lesson 12 >>

Lesson 10

照片的要素 -- 調子

調子除了表示黑白照片中純白與純黑之間灰階的變化之外，也代表色彩的顏色、陰影和濃淡等等。調子是攝影者和觀賞者之間的橋樑，就如同質感告訴人們，某個物體用手觸摸的感覺一樣。因此選擇適當的調子能夠傳達你要表現的形體、氣氛和情調。

暗色調（低調）的影像給人一種受到封閉、憂鬱、恐懼甚至挫折或超寫實的氣氛。相反的，亮色調（高調）的影像則讓人有寬敞、開放、活潑或放鬆的感覺。

調子的營造未必需要正確的曝光，曝光過度可使一個高調的畫面更加明亮。曝光不足則會使陰影更深。

高調的相片：

Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 46mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/640 sec - F/4.5
Exposure Comp.: +0.3 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Normal
White Balance: Shade
AF Mode: AF-S

距離小孩約10公尺，打閃光燈，最大輸出功率

Lens: 70-300mm F/4-5.6 D
Focal Length: 78mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/640 sec - F/8
Exposure Comp.: 0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Normal
White Balance: Cloudy
AF Mode: Manual


低調的相片：

對準太陽測光，雲層明顯曝光不足，大白天的太陽頓時變成了晚上的月亮

Lens: 70-300mm F/4-5.6 D
Focal Length: 70mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Center-Weighted
1/2500 sec - F/22
Exposure Comp.: 0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Vivid
White Balance: Auto
AF Mode: AF-S

對著天空測光，百年大樹變成了遮天的魔爪

Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 18mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/500 sec - F/3.5
Exposure Comp.: +0.3 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 640
Optimize Image: Landscape
White Balance: Shade
AF Mode: AF-S

<< Lesson 9---------------------------------------Lesson 11 >>

Lesson 9

擴散的色彩

色彩的擴散效果與光線特質有很大的關聯。基本上，擴散的色彩色調不足，飽和度也不夠。下雨，有霧或有濃煙的時候，空氣中的微小粒子將光線擴散在大氣中，色彩彼此混合在一起，便會產生色彩飽和度不足的現象。影響色彩的鮮明與擴散有下列幾個原因：

一，物體表面的特性，如一個黯淡而結構粗糙的表面會使光線擴散，減弱色彩的力量。相反的，一個表面光滑會反射光線的物體，則無損物體本身的色彩表現。

二，焦點的設定，在鏡頭焦距外的物體，其色彩逐漸向外擴散並且互相融合。在這裡可以做實驗，以一張被攝主體與背景都清楚的照片，和一張背景模糊的照片，來做比較。

開最大光圈4.5，只有前排的恐龍清楚

Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 70mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/5 sec - F/4.5
Exposure Comp.: +0.7 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Normal
White Balance: Incandescent
AF Mode: Manual

將光圈縮到18之後，連最後排的恐龍也清楚了

Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 70mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
3 sec - F/18
Exposure Comp.: +0.7 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Normal
White Balance: Incandescent
AF Mode: Manual

竹筏和插在上面的旗子，色彩黯淡，透露出即將沒落的訊息

Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 18mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/640 sec - F/4
Exposure Comp.: 0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Optimize Image: Normal
White Balance: Cloudy
AF Mode: AF-S

以枯木當前景，其灰暗的色彩，道出了世代交替的無奈

Lens: 18-70mm F/3.5-4.5 G
Focal Length: 18mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/1000 sec - F/8
Exposure Comp.: 0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 400
Optimize Image: Normal
White Balance: Cloudy
AF Mode: AF-S

除了前面的野花清楚之外，其背景都模糊，色彩明顯的擴散開來

Lens: 70-300mm F/4-5.6 D
Focal Length: 240mm
Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
1/640 sec - F/5.6
Exposure Comp.: 0 EV
Sensitivity: ISO 400
Optimize Image: Sharp
White Balance: Shade
AF Mode: Manual

<< Lesson 8---------------------------------------Lesson 10 >>